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A curve in two dimensions on which the value of a function f(x,y) is a constant. Other synonymous terms are isarithm, isopleth, and contour line. A plot of several ...

The bias of an estimator theta^~ is defined as B(theta^~)=<theta^~>-theta. (1) It is therefore true that theta^~-theta = (theta^~-<theta^~>)+(<theta^~>-theta) (2) = ...

A ring without zero divisors in which an integer norm and an associated division algorithm (i.e., a Euclidean algorithm) can be defined. For signed integers, the usual norm ...

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

A function whose value increases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially increasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^x, plotted ...

The kth exterior power of an element alpha in an exterior algebra LambdaV is given by the wedge product of alpha with itself k times. Note that if alpha has odd degree, then ...

The knots that make up a knot sum of a composite knot are known as factor knots (Adams 1994, p. 8).

The flattening of a spheroid (also called oblateness) is denoted epsilon or f (Snyder 1987, p. 13). It is defined as epsilon={(a-c)/a=1-c/a oblate; (c-a)/a=c/a-1 prolate, (1) ...

F_x[1/pi(1/2Gamma)/((x-x_0)^2+(1/2Gamma)^2)](k)=e^(-2piikx_0-Gammapi|k|). This transform arises in the computation of the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution.

A frustum (unfortunately commonly misspelled "frustrum") is that portion of a solid which lies between two parallel planes cutting the solid. Degenerate cases are obtained ...