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A function whose range is in the real numbers is said to be a real function, also called a real-valued function.

A scalar is a one-component quantity that is invariant under rotations of the coordinate system.

A map f:R^n|->R which assigns each x a scalar function f(x).

A group of three elements, also called a triad. A triple is therefore a 3-tuple.

A zero tensor is a tensor of any rank and with any pattern of covariant and contravariant indices all of whose components are equal to 0 (Weinberg 1972, p. 38).

Written in the notation of partial derivatives, the d'Alembertian square ^2 in a flat spacetime is defined by square ^2=del ^2-1/(c^2)(partial^2)/(partialt^2), where c is the ...

In order to find integers x and y such that x^2=y^2 (mod n) (1) (a modified form of Fermat's factorization method), in which case there is a 50% chance that GCD(n,x-y) is a ...

Given a compact manifold M and a transversely orientable codimension-one foliation F on M which is tangent to partialM, the pair (M,F) is called a generalized Reeb component ...

Given a square complex or real matrix A, a matrix norm ||A|| is a nonnegative number associated with A having the properties 1. ||A||>0 when A!=0 and ||A||=0 iff A=0, 2. ...

The moment of inertia with respect to a given axis of a solid body with density rho(r) is defined by the volume integral I=intrho(r)r__|_^2dV, (1) where r__|_ is the ...