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There are several definitions of the strength of a graph. Harary and Palmer (1959) and Harary and Palmer (1973, p. 66) define the strength of a tree as the maximum number of ...

The fundamental group of an arcwise-connected set X is the group formed by the sets of equivalence classes of the set of all loops, i.e., paths with initial and final points ...

By the duality principle, for every polyhedron, there exists another polyhedron in which faces and polyhedron vertices occupy complementary locations. This polyhedron is ...

A modulo multiplication group is a finite group M_m of residue classes prime to m under multiplication mod m. M_m is Abelian of group order phi(m), where phi(m) is the ...

A bivector, also called a 2-vector, is an antisymmetric tensor of second rank (a.k.a. 2-form). For a bivector X^->, X^->=X_(ab)omega^a ^ omega^b, where ^ is the wedge product ...

A two-dimensional map which is conjugate to the Hénon map in its nondissipative limit. It is given by x^' = x+y^' (1) y^' = y+epsilony+kx(x-1)+muxy. (2)

Two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' are added together componentwise, z+z^'=(x+x^')+i(y+y^'). In component form, (x,y)+(x^',y^')=(x+x^',y+y^') (Krantz 1999, p. 1).

A function whose range is in the complex numbers is said to be a complex function, or a complex-valued function.

The contact angle between a sphere and a tangent plane is the angle alpha between the normal to the sphere at the point of tangency and the basal plane with respect to which ...

Cylindrical coordinates are a generalization of two-dimensional polar coordinates to three dimensions by superposing a height (z) axis. Unfortunately, there are a number of ...