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R(p,tau)=int_(-infty)^inftyint_(-infty)^inftyf(x,y)delta[y-(tau+px)]dydx, (1) where f(x,y)={1 for x,y in [-a,a]; 0 otherwise (2) and ...

In 1913, Ramanujan asked if the Diophantine equation of second order 2^n-7=x^2, sometimes called the Ramanujan-Nagell equation, has any solutions other than n=3, 4, 5, 7, and ...

Call a number of the form n^2-k a "near-square number." Numbers of the form n^2-5 for n=1, 2, ... are -4, -1, 4, 11, 20, 31, 44, 59, 76, 95, ... (OEIS A028875). These are ...

Consider a square wave f(x) of length 2L. Over the range [0,2L], this can be written as f(x)=2[H(x/L)-H(x/L-1)]-1, (1) where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. Since ...

An addition-multiplication square is a square of integers that is simultaneously a magic square and multiplication magic square. In 1955, Horner found a square of order eight ...

A pentagonal square triangular number is a number that is simultaneously a pentagonal number P_l, a square number S_m, and a triangular number T_n. This requires a solution ...

Degen's eight-square identity is the incredible polynomial identity (1) found around 1818 by the Danish mathematician Ferdinand Degen (1766-1825). It was subsequently ...

Let L denote the n×n square lattice with wraparound. Call an orientation of L an assignment of a direction to each edge of L, and denote the number of orientations of L such ...

Let F(m,n) be the number of m×n (0,1)-matrices with no adjacent 1s (in either columns or rows). For n=1, 2, ..., F(n,n) is given by 2, 7, 63, 1234, ... (OEIS A006506). The ...

A theorem, also known as Bachet's conjecture, which Bachet inferred from a lack of a necessary condition being stated by Diophantus. It states that every positive integer can ...