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A scalar is a one-component quantity that is invariant under rotations of the coordinate system.

A map f:R^n|->R which assigns each x a scalar function f(x).

A function f(x_1,...,x_n) of one or more variables whose range is one-dimensional, as compared to a vector function, whose range is three-dimensional (or, in general, ...

A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements all contain the same scalar lambda. A scalar matrix is therefore equivalent to lambdaI, where I is the identity matrix.

Let A=a_(ij) be an n×n matrix with complex (or real) entries and eigenvalues lambda_1, lambda_2, ..., lambda_n, then sum_(i=1)^n|lambda_i|^2<=sum_(i,j=1)^n|a_(ij)|^2 (1) ...

A set of integers that give the orders of the blocks in a Jordan canonical form, with those integers corresponding to submatrices containing the same latent root bracketed ...

A matrix A for which A^(H)=A^(T)^_=A, where the conjugate transpose is denoted A^(H), A^(T) is the transpose, and z^_ is the complex conjugate. If a matrix is self-adjoint, ...

The shear matrix e_(ij)^s is obtained from the identity matrix by inserting s at (i,j), e.g., e_(12)^s=[1 s 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]. (1) Bolt and Hobbs (1998) define a shear matrix ...

A system is singular if its condition number is infinite and ill-conditioned if it is too large.

A diagonal of a square matrix which is traversed in the "northeast" direction. "The" skew diagonal (or "secondary diagonal") of an n×n square matrix is the skew diagonal from ...