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The links curve is the quartic curve given by the Cartesian equation (x^2+y^2-3x)^2=4x^2(2-x). (1) The area enclosed by the outer envelope is A_(envelope)=1/6(9pi+8) (2) and ...

The catacaustic of a logarithmic spiral, where the origin is taken as the radiant point, is another logarithmic spiral. For an original spiral with parametric equations x = ...

The pedal curve of a logarithmic spiral with parametric equation f = e^(at)cost (1) g = e^(at)sint (2) for a pedal point at the pole is an identical logarithmic spiral x = ...

Let p be prime and r = r_mp^m+...+r_1p+r_0 (0<=r_i<p) (1) k = k_mp^m+...+k_1p+k_0 (0<=k_i<p), (2) then (r; k)=product_(i=0)^m(r_i; k_i) (mod p). (3) This is proved in Fine ...

Given a Lyapunov characteristic exponent sigma_i, the corresponding Lyapunov characteristic number lambda_i is defined as lambda_i=e^(sigma_i). (1) For an n-dimensional ...

An n-cycle is a finite sequence of points Y_0, ..., Y_(n-1) such that, under a map G, Y_1 = G(Y_0) (1) Y_2 = G(Y_1) (2) Y_(n-1) = G(Y_(n-2)) (3) Y_0 = G(Y_(n-1)). (4) In ...

The radical circle of the McCay circles has center (1) which is not a Kimberling center, and radius (2) where (3) Its circle function is (4) where (5) which is also does not ...

The involute of the nephroid given by x = 1/2[3cost-cos(3t)] (1) y = 1/2[3sint-sin(3t)] (2) beginning at the point where the nephroid cuts the y-axis is given by x = 4cos^3t ...

Let M be a finitely generated module over a commutative Noetherian ring R. Then there exists a finite set {N_i|1<=i<=l} of submodules of M such that 1. intersection ...

A module M is Noetherian if it obeys the ascending chain condition with respect to inclusion, i.e., if every set of increasing sequences of submodules eventually becomes ...