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The polar coordinates r (the radial coordinate) and theta (the angular coordinate, often called the polar angle) are defined in terms of Cartesian coordinates by x = ...

A public-key cryptography algorithm which uses prime factorization as the trapdoor one-way function. Define n=pq (1) for p and q primes. Also define a private key d and a ...

Ramanujan's two-variable theta function f(a,b) is defined by f(a,b)=sum_(n=-infty)^inftya^(n(n+1)/2)b^(n(n-1)/2) (1) for |ab|<1 (Berndt 1985, p. 34; Berndt et al. 2000). It ...

In the plane, the reflection property can be stated as three theorems (Ogilvy 1990, pp. 73-77): 1. The locus of the center of a variable circle, tangent to a fixed circle and ...

Given the closed interval [0,x] with x>1, let one-dimensional "cars" of unit length be parked randomly on the interval. The mean number M(x) of cars which can fit (without ...

For a real positive t, the Riemann-Siegel Z function is defined by Z(t)=e^(itheta(t))zeta(1/2+it). (1) This function is sometimes also called the Hardy function or Hardy ...

The Robertson-Wegner graph is of the four (5,5)-cage graphs, also called Robertson's cage (Read and Wilson 1998, p. 273). Like the other (5,5)-cages, the Robertson-Wegner ...

A semiperfect magic cube, sometimes also called an "Andrews cube" (Gardner 1976; Gardner 1988, p. 219) is a magic cube for which the cross section diagonals do not sum to the ...

Given a simplex of unit content in Euclidean d-space, pick n>=d+1 points uniformly and independently at random, and denote the expected content of their convex hull by ...

Smale's problems are a list of 18 challenging problems for the twenty-first century proposed by Field medalist Steven Smale. These problems were inspired in part by Hilbert's ...