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A set fixed within the framework of a theory and consisting of all objects considered in this theory. The complement of the universal set is the empty set.

A graph in which individual nodes have no distinct identifications except through their interconnectivity. Graphs in which labels (which are most commonly numbers) are ...

A fixed point for which the stability matrix has equal positive eigenvalues.

Let (K,|·|) be a valuated field. The valuation group G is defined to be the set G={|x|:x in K,x!=0}, with the group operation being multiplication. It is a subgroup of the ...

The quantity which a function f takes upon application to a given quantity.

In general, there is no unique matrix solution A to the matrix equation y=Ax. Even in the case of y parallel to x, there are still multiple matrices that perform this ...

A function A such that B=del xA. The most common use of a vector potential is the representation of a magnetic field. If a vector field has zero divergence, it may be ...

A vertex-transitive graph, also sometimes called a node symmetric graph (Chiang and Chen 1995), is a graph such that every pair of vertices is equivalent under some element ...

Given two intersecting lines, the two nonadjacent angles with the same vertex are said to be vertical angles. One can easily prove that vertical angles are congruent. Some ...

An auction in which the highest bidder wins but pays only the second-highest bid. This variation over the normal bidding procedure is supposed to encourage bidders to bid the ...