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A generalization of the Lebesgue integral. A measurable function f(x) is called A-integrable over the closed interval [a,b] if m{x:|f(x)|>n}=O(n^(-1)), (1) where m is the ...

The greatest radial distance of an ellipse as measured from a focus. Taking v=pi in the equation of an ellipse r=(a(1-e^2))/(1+ecosv) gives the apoapsis distance r_+=a(1+e). ...

The number of ways in which a group of n with weights sum_(i=1)^(n)w_i=1 can change a losing coalition (one with sumw_i<1/2) to a winning one, or vice versa. It was proposed ...

Baxter's four-coloring constant for a triangular lattice is given by C^2 = product_(j=1)^(infty)((3j-1)^2)/((3j-2)(3j)) (1) = 3/(4pi^2)Gamma^3(1/3) (2) = 1.46099848... (3) ...

A function f(x) is completely convex in an open interval (a,b) if it has derivatives of all orders there and if (-1)^kf^((2k))(x)>=0 for k=0, 1, 2, ... in that interval ...

Given a group with elements A and X, there must be an element B which is a similarity transformation of A,B=X^(-1)AX so A and B are conjugate with respect to X. Conjugate ...

Given any real number theta and any positive integer N, there exist integers h and k with 0<k<=N such that |ktheta-h|<1/N. A slightly weaker form of the theorem states that ...

The eccentric angle of a point on an ellipse with semimajor axes of length a and semiminor axes of length b is the angle t in the parametrization x = acost (1) y = bsint, (2) ...

The exponential sum function e_n(x), sometimes also denoted exp_n(x), is defined by e_n(x) = sum_(k=0)^(n)(x^k)/(k!) (1) = (e^xGamma(n+1,x))/(Gamma(n+1)), (2) where ...

Let R(x) be the ramp function, then the Fourier transform of R(x) is given by F_x[R(x)](k) = int_(-infty)^inftye^(-2piikx)R(x)dx (1) = i/(4pi)delta^'(k)-1/(4pi^2k^2), (2) ...