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In elementary geometry, orthogonal is the same as perpendicular. Two lines or curves are orthogonal if they are perpendicular at their point of intersection. Two vectors v ...

A perfect ruler also called a complete ruler, is type of ruler considered by Guy (1994) which has k distinct marks spaced such that the distances between marks can be used to ...

Let p={a_1,a_2,...,a_n} be a permutation. Then i is a permutation ascent if a_i<a_(i+1). For example, the permutation {1,2,3,4} is composed of three ascents, namely {1,2}, ...

An n-persistent number is a positive integer k which contains the digits 0, 1, ..., 9 (i.e., is a pandigital number), and for which 2k, ..., nk also share this property. No ...

A planted tree is a rooted tree whose root vertex has vertex degree 1. The number of planted trees of n nodes is T_(n-1), where T_(n-1) is the number of rooted trees of n-1 ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

A Poisson process is a process satisfying the following properties: 1. The numbers of changes in nonoverlapping intervals are independent for all intervals. 2. The ...

A Poulet number is a Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, denoted psp(2), i.e., a composite number n such that 2^(n-1)=1 (mod n). The first few Poulet numbers are 341, 561, 645, ...

Consider solutions to the equation x^y=y^x. (1) Real solutions are given by x=y for x,y>0, together with the solution of (lny)/y=(lnx)/x, (2) which is given by ...

A triangle with rows containing the numbers {1,2,...,n} that begins with 1, ends with n, and such that the sum of each two consecutive entries being a prime. Rows 2 to 6 are ...