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An ellipse is a curve that is the locus of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances r_1 and r_2 from two fixed points F_1 and F_2 (the foci) separated by a distance ...

Legendre showed that there is no rational algebraic function which always gives primes. In 1752, Goldbach showed that no polynomial with integer coefficients can give a prime ...

A triangle is a 3-sided polygon sometimes (but not very commonly) called the trigon. Every triangle has three sides and three angles, some of which may be the same. The sides ...

The constant e is base of the natural logarithm. e is sometimes known as Napier's constant, although its symbol (e) honors Euler. e is the unique number with the property ...

An almost integer is a number that is very close to an integer. Near-solutions to Fermat's last theorem provide a number of high-profile almost integers. In the season 7, ...

The Petersen graph is the cubic graph on 10 vertices and 15 edges which is the unique (3,5)-cage graph (Harary 1994, p. 175), as well as the unique (3,5)-Moore graph. It can ...

Smarandache sequences are any of a number of simply generated integer sequences resembling those considered in published works by Smarandache such as the consecutive number ...

Let P be a finite partially ordered set, then an antichain in P is a set of pairwise incomparable elements. Antichains are also called Sperner systems in older literature ...

Consider the probability Q_1(n,d) that no two people out of a group of n will have matching birthdays out of d equally possible birthdays. Start with an arbitrary person's ...

A cellular automaton is a collection of "colored" cells on a grid of specified shape that evolves through a number of discrete time steps according to a set of rules based on ...