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The latitude of a point on a sphere is the elevation of the point from the plane of the equator. The latitude delta is related to the colatitude (the polar angle in spherical ...

Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the legs of a triangle opposite angles A, B, and C. Then the law of sines states that a/(sinA)=b/(sinB)=c/(sinC)=2R, (1) where R is the ...

Let a triangle have sides of length a, b, and c and let the angles opposite these sides be denoted A, B, and C. The law of tangents states ...

Gamma functions of argument 2z can be expressed in terms of gamma functions of smaller arguments. From the definition of the beta function, ...

Let E(k) and K(k) be complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds, with E^'(k) and K^'(k) the complementary integrals. Then ...

The case of the Weierstrass elliptic function with invariants g_2=1 and g_3=0. In this case, the half-periods are given by (omega_1,omega_2)=(omega,iomega), where omega is ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+g(y)y^('2)+f(x)y^'=0 (1) is called Liouville's equation (Goldstein and Braun 1973; Zwillinger 1997, p. 124), as are the ...

Formulas obtained from differentiating Newton's forward difference formula, where R_n^'=h^nf^((n+1))(xi)d/(dp)(p; n+1)+h^(n+1)(p; n+1)d/(dx)f^((n+1))(xi), (n; k) is a ...

An algorithm for finding roots which retains that prior estimate for which the function value has opposite sign from the function value at the current best estimate of the ...

A map projection given by the following transformation, x = lambda-lambda_0 (1) y = 5/4ln[tan(1/4pi+2/5phi)] (2) = 5/4sinh^(-1)[tan(4/5phi)]. (3) Here, x and y are the plane ...