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Weak Convergence


Weak convergence of a sequence {x_n} to a vector x in a normed space E means that

 phi(x_n)->phi(x)

for every continuous linear functional phi on E. It is commonly denoted x_n->x. In a Hilbert space, this condition is equivalent to <x_n,y>-><x,y> for every vector y. Every strongly convergent sequence is weakly convergent, but the converse does not hold in general.

For finite Borel measures mu_n and mu on a metric space S, weak convergence means int_Sfdmu_n->int_Sfdmu for every real function f that is bounded and continuous. For probability measures this is also called convergence in distribution (Billingsley 1999). On a separable metric space, the Prokhorov metric metrizes this convergence of probability measures.


See also

Convergence, Hilbert Space, Linear Functional, Normed Space, Prokhorov Metric, Strong Convergence

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References

Billingsley, P. Convergence of Probability Measures, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316962.Kreyszig, E. Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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Weak Convergence

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Weak Convergence." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WeakConvergence.html

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