Let 
 be a 
-algebra.
 An element 
 is called self-adjoint if 
.
For example, the real functions of the -algebra of 
 of continuous complex-valued functions on 
 are the self-adjoint elements.
Each 
 in 
 can be expressed (uniquely) in the form 
, where 
 and 
 are self-adjoint elements of 
.