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Runge-Kutta Method


A method of numerically integrating ordinary differential equations by using a trial step at the midpoint of an interval to cancel out lower-order error terms. The second-order formula is

k_1=hf(x_n,y_n)
(1)
k_2=hf(x_n+1/2h,y_n+1/2k_1)
(2)
y_(n+1)=y_n+k_2+O(h^3)
(3)

(where O(x) is a Landau symbol), sometimes known as RK2, and the fourth-order formula is

k_1=hf(x_n,y_n)
(4)
k_2=hf(x_n+1/2h,y_n+1/2k_1)
(5)
k_3=hf(x_n+1/2h,y_n+1/2k_2)
(6)
k_4=hf(x_n+h,y_n+k_3)
(7)
y_(n+1)=y_n+1/6k_1+1/3k_2+1/3k_3+1/6k_4+O(h^5)
(8)

(Press et al. 1992), sometimes known as RK4. This method is reasonably simple and robust and is a good general candidate for numerical solution of differential equations when combined with an intelligent adaptive step-size routine.


See also

Adams' Method, Gill's Method, Milne's Method, Ordinary Differential Equation, Rosenbrock Methods

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References

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover, pp. 896-897, 1972.Arfken, G. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 492-493, 1985.Cartwright, J. H. E. and Piro, O. "The Dynamics of Runge-Kutta Methods." Int. J. Bifurcations Chaos 2, 427-449, 1992. http://lec.ugr.es/~julyan/numerics.html.Kutta, M. W. Z. für Math. u. Phys. 46, 435, 1901.Lambert, J. D. and Lambert, D. Ch. 5 in Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Systems: The Initial Value Problem. New York: Wiley, 1991.Lindelöf, E. Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn. 2, 1938.Press, W. H.; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; and Vetterling, W. T. "Runge-Kutta Method" and "Adaptive Step Size Control for Runge-Kutta." §16.1 and 16.2 in Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 704-716, 1992.Runge, C. Math. Ann. 46, 167, 1895.

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Runge-Kutta Method

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Runge-Kutta Method." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Runge-KuttaMethod.html

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