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Rolle Word


A Rolle word records the derivative orders of the roots of a real-rooted polynomial and all its nonconstant derivatives, listed from left to right (Shapiro and Shapiro 2012, Novikov 2026). For a polynomial P of polynomial degree n, require n distinct real roots and no common root of different nonconstant derivatives, including P itself. Replace each root of P^((j)) by the label j. The word has length n(n+1)/2, with label j appearing n-j times.

Rolle's theorem imposes interlacing between consecutive derivative orders. A formal interlacing word need not be realizable by a polynomial. In degree 6 there are 33592 formal words, and Novikov (2026) reports exactly 2706 realizable words, with a word and its reversal counted separately. The classification uses integer realization certificates and a chain of 53 exclusion stages. The author states that the complete mathematical proof chain has not received an independent human audit. Most of the mathematics, checking code, and certificates were generated with ChatGPT under the author's direction (Novikov 2026).


See also

Real-Rooted Polynomial, Rolle's Theorem, Word

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References

Novikov, A. A. "An Exact Certificate-Based Enumeration of Rolle Words of Degree Six." 11 Nov 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.15505v1.Shapiro, B. and Shapiro, M. "A Few Riddles Behind Rolle's Theorem." Amer. Math. Monthly 119, 787-793, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4169/amer.math.monthly.119.09.787.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Rolle Word." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RolleWord.html

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