Ionization Conjecture

The ionization conjecture asks for bounds independent of nuclear charge on the excess electrons and outer-electron quantities of full Coulomb atoms. For integer and , define the energy to remove electrons by , where is the spectral infimum of the two-spin Coulomb Hamiltonian. For a normalized neutral ground state with spin-summed one-particle density , define

The parameter is expected exterior electron mass, not a change in the neutral state's particle number.