An Euler zigzag number counts the down-up alternating
permutations of
objects, with inequalities
and the convention
. The initial values are 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 16, 61, ... (OEIS
A000111). For a nonnegative
integer
,
|
(1)
|
where
is an Entringer number. For
, including both starting orientations gives
permutations. For
, the number of permutations
of
elements that start with
and then alternate down and up is
for
.
The Entringer numbers satisfy
|
(2)
|
and the recurrence relation
|
(3)
|
for .