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The set R union {+infty,-infty} obtained by adjoining two improper elements to the set R of real numbers is normally called the set of (affinely) extended real numbers. ...

The Heaviside step function is a mathematical function denoted H(x), or sometimes theta(x) or u(x) (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 1020), and also known as the "unit step ...

In general, groups are not Abelian. However, there is always a group homomorphism h:G->G^' to an Abelian group, and this homomorphism is called Abelianization. The ...

Affine functions represent vector-valued functions of the form f(x_1,...,x_n)=A_1x_1+...+A_nx_n+b. The coefficients can be scalars or dense or sparse matrices. The constant ...

Given a principal bundle pi:A->M, with fiber a Lie group G and base manifold M, and a group representation of G, say phi:G×V->V, then the associated vector bundle is ...

The number of binary bits necessary to represent a number, given explicitly by BL(n) = 1+|_lgn_| (1) = [lg(n+1)], (2) where [x] is the ceiling function, |_x_| is the floor ...

Let s(x,y,z) and t(x,y,z) be differentiable scalar functions defined at all points on a surface S. In computer graphics, the functions s and t often represent texture ...

The Wolfram Physics Project posits the existence of abstract relations between atoms of space whose pattern defines the structure of physical space. In this approach, two ...

Tracing through the connections of a branchial graph gives rise to the notion of a kind of space in which states on different branches of history are laid out. In particular, ...

Cluster analysis is a technique used for classification of data in which data elements are partitioned into groups called clusters that represent collections of data elements ...