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A technique used by André (1887) to provide an elegant solution to the ballot problem (Hilton and Pederson 1991) and in study of Wiener processes (Doob 1953; Papoulis 1984, ...

The word argument is used in several differing contexts in mathematics. The most common usage refers to the argument of a function, but is also commonly used to refer to the ...

Let A and B_j be sets. Conditional probability requires that P(A intersection B_j)=P(A)P(B_j|A), (1) where intersection denotes intersection ("and"), and also that P(A ...

Any bounded planar region with positive area >A placed in any position of the unit square lattice can be translated so that the number of lattice points inside the region ...

A method for verifying the correctness of an arithmetical operation on natural numbers, based on the same principle as casting out nines. The methods of sevens takes ...

A notation used to describe curves. The fundamental principle of Clebsch-Aronhold notation states that if each of a number of forms be replaced by a power of a linear form in ...

A computation is an operation that begins with some initial conditions and gives an output which follows from a definite set of rules. The most common example are ...

Computation time (also called "running time") is the length of time required to perform a computational process. Representation a computation as a sequence of rule ...

Some computations allow shortcuts which can be used to speed them up. Consider the operation of raising a number to a positive integer power. It is possible, for example, to ...

A cross section of a solid is a plane figure obtained by the intersection of that solid with a plane. The cross section of an object therefore represents an infinitesimal ...