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Minimal Surface


Minimal surfaces are defined as surfaces with zero mean curvature. A minimal surface parametrized as x=(u,v,h(u,v)) therefore satisfies Lagrange's equation,

 (1+h_v^2)h_(uu)-2h_uh_vh_(uv)+(1+h_u^2)h_(vv)=0
(1)

(Gray 1997, p. 399).

Finding a minimal surface of a boundary with specified constraints is a problem in the calculus of variations and is sometimes known as Plateau's problem. Minimal surfaces may also be characterized as surfaces of minimal surface area for given boundary conditions. A plane is a trivial minimal surface, and the first nontrivial examples (the catenoid and helicoid) were found by Meusnier in 1776 (Meusnier 1785). The problem of finding the minimum bounding surface of a skew quadrilateral was solved by Schwarz in 1890 (Schwarz 1972).

Note that while a sphere is a "minimal surface" in the sense that it minimizes the surface area-to-volume ratio, it does not qualify as a minimal surface in the sense used by mathematicians.

Euler proved that a minimal surface is planar iff its Gaussian curvature is zero at every point so that it is locally saddle-shaped. The existence of a solution to the general case was independently proven by Douglas (1931) and Radó (1933), although their analysis could not exclude the possibility of singularities. Osserman (1970) and Gulliver (1973) showed that a minimizing solution cannot have singularities.

The only known complete (boundaryless), embedded (no self-intersections) minimal surfaces of finite topology known for 200 years were the catenoid, helicoid, and plane. Hoffman discovered a three-ended genus 1 minimal embedded surface, and demonstrated the existence of an infinite number of such surfaces. A four-ended embedded minimal surface has also been found. L. Bers proved that any finite isolated singularity of a single-valued parameterized minimal surface is removable.

A surface can be parameterized using an isothermal parameterization. Such a parameterization is minimal if the coordinate functions x_k are harmonic, i.e., phi_k(zeta) are analytic. A minimal surface can therefore be defined by a triple of analytic functions such that

 phi_1^2+phi_2^2+phi_3^2=0.
(2)

The real parameterization is then obtained as

 x_k=Rintphi_k(zeta)dzeta.
(3)

But, for an analytic function f and a meromorphic function g, the triple of functions

phi_1(zeta)=f(1-g^2)
(4)
phi_2(zeta)=if(1+g^2)
(5)
phi_3(zeta)=2fg
(6)

are analytic as long as f has a zero of order >=m at every pole of g of order m. This gives a minimal surface in terms of the Enneper-Weierstrass parameterization

 Rint[f(1-g^2); if(1+g^2); 2fg]dzeta.
(7)

A minimal surface known as "Karcher's Jacobi elliptic saddle towers" appeared on the cover of the June/July 1999 issue of Notices of the American Mathematical Society (Karcher and Palais 1999).


See also

Bernstein Minimal Surface Theorem, Bour's Minimal Surface, Bubble, Calculus of Variations, Catalan Minimal Surface, Catenoid, Chen-Gackstatter Surfaces, Complete Minimal Surface, Costa Minimal Surface, Developable Surface, Double Bubble, Enneper's Minimal Surface, Enneper-Weierstrass Parameterization, Gyroid, Helicoid, Henneberg's Minimal Surface, Hoffman's Minimal Surface, Lichtenfels Minimal Surface, Lopez Minimal Surface, Mean Curvature, Minimal Surface of Revolution, Nirenberg's Conjecture, Oliveira's Minimal Surface, Parameterization, Plane, Plateau's Laws, Plateau's Problem, Scherk's Minimal Surfaces, Schwarz's Minimal Surface, Surface Area, Trinoid

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References

Darboux, G. Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitesimal. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1941.Dickson, S. "Minimal Surfaces." Mathematica J. 1, 38-40, 1990.Dierkes, U.; Hildebrandt, S.; Küster, A.; and Wohlraub, O. Minimal Surfaces, Vol. 1: Boundary Value Problems. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.Dierkes, U.; Hildebrandt, S.; Küster, A.; and Wohlraub, O. Minimal Surfaces, Vol. 2: Boundary Regularity. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.do Carmo, M. P. "Minimal Surfaces." §3.5 in Mathematical Models from the Collections of Universities and Museums (Ed. G. Fischer). Braunschweig, Germany: Vieweg, pp. 41-43, 1986.Douglas, J. "Solution of the Problem of Plateau." Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 33, 263-321, 1931.Fischer, G. (Ed.). Plates 93 and 96 in Mathematische Modelle aus den Sammlungen von Universitäten und Museen, Bildband. Braunschweig, Germany: Vieweg, pp. 89 and 96, 1986.Gray, A. "Minimal Surfaces" and "Minimal Surfaces and Complex Variables." Ch. 30 and 31 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 681-734, 1997.Gulliver, R. "Regularity of Minimizing Surfaces of Prescribed Mean Curvature." Ann. Math. 97, 275-305, 1973.Hoffman, D. "The Computer-Aided Discovery of New Embedded Minimal Surfaces." Math. Intell. 9, 8-21, 1987.Hoffman, D. and Meeks, W. H. III. The Global Theory of Properly Embedded Minimal Surfaces. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, 1987.Isenberg, C. The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles. New York: Dover, 1992.Karcher, H. and Palais, R. "About the Cover." Not. Amer. Math. Soc. 46, cover and p. 658, No. 6, June/July 1999.Lagrange. "Essai d'une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer les maxima et les minima des formules intégrales indéfinies." 1776.Meusnier, J. B. "Mémoire sur la courbure des surfaces." Mém. des savans étrangers 10 (lu 1776), 477-510, 1785.Nitsche, J. C. C. Introduction to Minimal Surfaces. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Osserman, R. "A Proof of the Regularity Everywhere of the Classical Solution to Plateau's Problem." Ann. Math. 91, 550-569, 1970.Osserman, R. A Survey of Minimal Surfaces. New York: Dover, 1986.Osserman, R. (Ed.). Minimal Surfaces. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.Radó, T. "On the Problem of Plateau." Ergeben. d. Math. u. ihrer Grenzgebiete. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1933.Schmidt, N. "GANG | Minimal Surfaces." http://www.gang.umass.edu/gallery/min/.Schwarz, H. A. Gesammelte Mathematische Abhandlungen, 2nd ed. New York: Chelsea, 1972.Weisstein, E. W. "Books about Minimal Surfaces." http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/MinimalSurfaces.html.Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. London: Penguin, pp. 185-187, 1991.

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Minimal Surface

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Weisstein, Eric W. "Minimal Surface." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimalSurface.html

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