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A graceful permutation sigma on n letters is a permutation such that {|sigma(i)-sigma(i+1)|:i=1,2,...,n-1}={1,2,...,n-1}. For example, there are four graceful permutations on ...

A fair coin is tossed an even 2n number of times. Let D=|H-T| be the absolute difference in the number of heads and tails obtained. Then the probability distribution is given ...

Little's law states that, under steady state conditions, the average number of items in a queuing system equals the average rate at which the items arrive multiplied by the ...

A path, also known as a rhumb line, which cuts a meridian on a given surface at any constant angle but a right angle. If the surface is a sphere, the loxodrome is a spherical ...

Niven's theorem states that if x/pi and sinx are both rational, then the sine takes values 0, +/-1/2, and +/-1. Particular cases include sin(pi) = 0 (1) sin(pi/2) = 1 (2) ...

An odd number is an integer of the form n=2k+1, where k is an integer. The odd numbers are therefore ..., -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, ... (OEIS A005408), which are also the gnomonic ...

The William Lowell Putnam Mathematics Competition is an annual mathematics contest open to North American college students administered by the Mathematical Association of ...

Two families of equations used to find roots of nonlinear functions of a single variable. The "B" family is more robust and can be used in the neighborhood of degenerate ...

Dissect a triangle into smaller triangles, such that all have full edge contact with their neighbors. Label the corners 1, 2, and 3. Label all vertices with 1, 2, or 3, with ...

A figure formed by taking a series of steps of length 1, 2, ..., n, with an angle theta turn after each step. The symbol for a spirolateral is ^(a_1,...,a_k)n_theta, where ...