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The product of a family {X_i}_(i in I) of objects of a category is an object P=product_(i in I)X_i, together with a family of morphisms {p_i:P->X_i}_(i in I) such that for ...

A multiway system that generates causal networks which are all isomorphic as acyclic digraphs is said to exhibit causal invariance, and the causal network itself is also said ...

A causal network is an acyclic digraph arising from an evolution of a substitution system, and representing its history. The illustration above shows a causal network ...

A reduction system is said to posses the Church-Rosser property if, for all x and y such that x<->_*y, there exists a z such that x->_*z and y->_*z. A reduction system is ...

A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

A circular pattern obtained by superposing parallel equally spaced lines on a set of concentric circles of increasing radii, then coloring the regions in chessboard fashion. ...

A circular embedding is a graph embedding in which all graph vertices lie on a common circle, usually arranged so they are equally spaced around the circumference. Specific ...

Determining the length of a country's coastline is not as simple as it first appears, as first considered by L. F. Richardson (1881-1953) and sometimes known as the ...

The simple first-order difference equation y_(t+1)-Ay_t=B, (1) where A = -(m_s)/(m_d) (2) B = (b_d-b_s)/(m_d) (3) and D_t = -m_dp_t+b_d (4) S_(t+1) = m_sp_t+b_s (5) are the ...

A code is a set of n-tuples of elements ("words") taken from an alphabet. The designation "code n" is also given to the nth totalistic cellular automaton in Wolfram's ...