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An orientation on an n-dimensional manifold is given by a nowhere vanishing differential n-form. Alternatively, it is an bundle orientation for the tangent bundle. If an ...

A hypersphere S^n is parallelizable if there are n vector fields that are linearly independent at each point. There exist only three parallelizable spheres: S^1, S^3, and S^7 ...

A Pólya plot is a plot of the vector field of (R[f(z)],-I[f(z)]) of a complex function f(z). Several examples are shown above. Pólya plots can be created in the Wolfram ...

The vector space generated by the rows of a matrix viewed as vectors. The row space of a n×m matrix A with real entries is a subspace generated by n elements of R^m, hence ...

Let V be a real vector space (e.g., the real continuous functions C(I) on a closed interval I, two-dimensional Euclidean space R^2, the twice differentiable real functions ...

Arc length is defined as the length along a curve, s=int_gamma|dl|, (1) where dl is a differential displacement vector along a curve gamma. For example, for a circle of ...

A special case of Stokes' theorem in which F is a vector field and M is an oriented, compact embedded 2-manifold with boundary in R^3, and a generalization of Green's theorem ...

Let a particle travel a distance s(t) as a function of time t (here, s can be thought of as the arc length of the curve traced out by the particle). The speed (the scalar ...

An angle bracket is the combination of a bra and ket (bra+ket = bracket) which represents the inner product of two functions or vectors (or 1-forms), <f|g>=intf(x)g^|(x)dx in ...

A complete metric space is a metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent. Examples include the real numbers with the usual metric, the complex numbers, ...