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The root lattice of a semisimple Lie algebra is the discrete lattice generated by the Lie algebra roots in h^*, the dual vector space to the Cartan subalgebra.

The single bar | is a notation variously used to denote the absolute value |x|, complex modulus |z|, vector norm |x|, determinant |A|, or "divides" (a|b).

A horizontal line placed under a symbol to indicate some special property. Underscores are sometimes used instead of over-arrows or bold typeface to indicate a vector, for ...

The nullity of a linear transformation f:V->W of vector spaces is the dimension of its null space. The nullity and the map rank add up to the dimension of V, a result ...

A fundamental result of de Rham cohomology is that the kth de Rham cohomology vector space of a manifold M is canonically isomorphic to the Alexander-Spanier cohomology ...

An anchor is the bundle map rho from a vector bundle A to the tangent bundle TB satisfying 1. [rho(X),rho(Y)]=rho([X,Y]) and 2. [X,phiY]=phi[X,Y]+(rho(X)·phi)Y, where X and Y ...

A notation invented by Dirac which is very useful in quantum mechanics. The notation defines the "ket" vector, denoted |psi>, and its conjugate transpose, called the "bra" ...

An inner product is a generalization of the dot product. In a vector space, it is a way to multiply vectors together, with the result of this multiplication being a scalar. ...

Newton's method for finding roots of a complex polynomial f entails iterating the function z-[f(z)/f^'(z)], which can be viewed as applying the Euler backward method with ...

A functional is a real-valued function on a vector space V, usually of functions. For example, the energy functional on the unit disk D assigns a number to any differentiable ...