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The complement of a graph G, sometimes called the edge-complement (Gross and Yellen 2006, p. 86), is the graph G^', sometimes denoted G^_ or G^c (e.g., Clark and Entringer ...

The Griewank function is a function widely used to test the convergence of optimization functions. The Griewank function of order n is defined by ...

A two-dimensional generalization of the Haar transform which is used for the compression of astronomical images. The algorithm consists of dividing the 2^N×2^N image into ...

Various handshaking problems are in circulation, the most common one being the following. In a room of n people, how many different handshakes are possible? The answer is (n; ...

Given collinear points W, X, Y, and Z, Y and Z are harmonic conjugates with respect to W and X if (|WY|)/(|YX|)=(|WZ|)/(|XZ|). (1) W and X are also harmonic conjugates with ...

A heterosquare is an n×n array of the integers from 1 to n^2 such that the rows, columns, and diagonals have different sums. (By contrast, in a magic square, they have the ...

Given a triangle DeltaA_1A_2A_3, the points A_1, I, and J_1 lie on a line, where I is the incenter and J_1 is the excenter corresponding to A_1. Furthermore, the circle with ...

Let f be a function defined on a set A and taking values in a set B. Then f is said to be an injection (or injective map, or embedding) if, whenever f(x)=f(y), it must be the ...

A bijective map between two metric spaces that preserves distances, i.e., d(f(x),f(y))=d(x,y), where f is the map and d(a,b) is the distance function. Isometries are ...

Find a closed plane curve of a given perimeter which encloses the greatest area. The solution is a circle. If the class of curves to be considered is limited to smooth ...