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A solution zeta_k=e^(2piik/d) to the cyclotomic equation x^d=1. The de Moivre numbers give the coordinates in the complex plane of the polygon vertices of a regular polygon ...

d is called an e-divisor (or exponential divisor) of a number n with prime factorization n=p_1^(a_1)p_2^(a_2)...p_r^(a_r) if d|n and d=p_1^(b_1)p_2^(b_2)...p_r^(b_r), where ...

A completely positive matrix is a real n×n square matrix A=(a_(ij)) that can be factorized as A=BB^(T), where B^(T) stands for the transpose of B and B is any (not ...

Computational number theory is the branch of number theory concerned with finding and implementing efficient computer algorithms for solving various problems in number ...

The Jacobi symbol, written (n/m) or (n/m) is defined for positive odd m as (n/m)=(n/(p_1))^(a_1)(n/(p_2))^(a_2)...(n/(p_k))^(a_k), (1) where m=p_1^(a_1)p_2^(a_2)...p_k^(a_k) ...

The antilaplacian of u with respect to x is a function whose Laplacian with respect to x equals u. The antilaplacian is never unique.

Given a planar graph G, a geometric dual graph and combinatorial dual graph can be defined. Whitney showed that these are equivalent (Harary 1994), so that one may speak of ...

If a Sylow 2-subgroup T of G lies in a unique maximal 2-local P of G, then P is a "strongly embedded" subgroup of G, and G is known.

The unique 3-polyiamond, illustrated above.

The p-layer of H, L_(p^')(H) is the unique minimal normal subgroup of H which maps onto E(H/O_(p^')(H)).