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The converse of Fisher's theorem.

A theorem that guarantees that the trajectory of Langton's ant is unbounded.

An abbreviation for the cokernel.

An m×1 matrix [a_(11); a_(21); |; a_(m1)].

Combinatorial game theory is the theory of two-player games of perfect knowledge such as go, chess, or checkers.

The value of b, where a=b (mod m), taken to be nonnegative and smaller than m.

A ring is commutative if the multiplication operation is commutative.

Two algebraic objects that are commutative, i.e., A and B such that A*B=B*A for some operation *, are said to commute with each other.

The process of taking the complement of a set or truth function. In the latter case, complementation is equivalent to the NOT operation.

All lengths can be expressed as real numbers.