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Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding a graph geodesic, i.e., the shortest path between two graph vertices in a graph. It functions by constructing a shortest-path ...

Let f be a real-valued function defined on an interval [a,b] and let x_0 in (a,b). The four one-sided limits D^+f(x_0)=lim sup_(x->x_0+)(f(x)-f(x_0))/(x-x_0), (1) ...

The 2-1 equation A^n+B^n=C^n (1) is a special case of Fermat's last theorem and so has no solutions for n>=3. Lander et al. (1967) give a table showing the smallest n for ...

Diophantus's riddle is a poem that encodes a mathematical problem. In verse, it read as follows: 'Here lies Diophantus,' the wonder behold. Through art algebraic, the stone ...

The quantum electrodynamical law which applies to spin-1/2 particles and is the relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation. In 3+1 dimensions (three space ...

The direct product is defined for a number of classes of algebraic objects, including sets, groups, rings, and modules. In each case, the direct product of an algebraic ...

Direct sums are defined for a number of different sorts of mathematical objects, including subspaces, matrices, modules, and groups. The matrix direct sum is defined by ...

A convex polyomino containing at least one edge of its minimal bounding rectangle. The perimeter and area generating function for directed polygons of width m, height n, and ...

A graph in which each graph edge is replaced by a directed graph edge, also called a digraph. A directed graph having no multiple edges or loops (corresponding to a binary ...

Let c and d!=c be real numbers (usually taken as c=1 and d=0). The Dirichlet function is defined by D(x)={c for x rational; d for x irrational (1) and is discontinuous ...