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For discrete problems in which no efficient solution method is known, it might be necessary to test each possibility sequentially in order to determine if it is the solution. ...

The fitting subgroup is the subgroup generated by all normal nilpotent subgroups of a group H, denoted F(H). In the case of a finite group, the subgroup generated will itself ...

The functional derivative is a generalization of the usual derivative that arises in the calculus of variations. In a functional derivative, instead of differentiating a ...

The term "God's number" is sometimes given to the graph diameter of Rubik's graph, which is the minimum number of turns required to solve a Rubik's cube from an arbitrary ...

A special case of a flag manifold. A Grassmann manifold is a certain collection of vector subspaces of a vector space. In particular, g_(n,k) is the Grassmann manifold of ...

If G is a group, then the torsion elements Tor(G) of G (also called the torsion of G) are defined to be the set of elements g in G such that g^n=e for some natural number n, ...

A shell bounded by two similar ellipsoids having a constant ratio of axes. Given a chord passing through a homeoid, the distance between inner and outer intersections is ...

Two variates A and B are statistically independent iff the conditional probability P(A|B) of A given B satisfies P(A|B)=P(A), (1) in which case the probability of A and B is ...

A polynomial that represents integers for all integer values of the variables. An integer polynomial is a special case of such a polynomial. In general, every integer ...

F_k[P_N(k)](x)=F_k[exp(-N|k|^beta)](x), where F is the Fourier transform of the probability P_N(k) for N-step addition of random variables. Lévy showed that beta in (0,2) for ...