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The modulus of a complex number z, also called the complex norm, is denoted |z| and defined by |x+iy|=sqrt(x^2+y^2). (1) If z is expressed as a complex exponential (i.e., a ...

Two complex numbers x=a+ib and y=c+id are multiplied as follows: xy = (a+ib)(c+id) (1) = ac+ibc+iad-bd (2) = (ac-bd)+i(ad+bc). (3) In component form, ...

An improper use of the symbol sqrt(-1) for the imaginary unit leads to the apparent proof of a false statement. sqrt(-1) = sqrt(-1) (1) sqrt((-1)/1) = sqrt(1/(-1)) (2) ...

The complexity of a process or algorithm is a measure of how difficult it is to perform. The study of the complexity of algorithms is known as complexity theory. In general, ...

A composite knot is a knot that is not a prime knot. Schubert (1949) showed that every knot can be uniquely decomposed (up to the order in which the decomposition is ...

The composite number problem asks if for a given positive integer N there exist positive integers m and n such that N=mn. The complexity of the composite number problem was ...

Every finite group G of order greater than one possesses a finite series of subgroups, called a composition series, such that I<|H_s<|...<|H_2<|H_1<|G, where H_(i+1) is a ...

Let P be the principal (initial investment), r be the annual compounded rate, i^((n)) the "nominal rate," n be the number of times interest is compounded per year (i.e., the ...

Any computable function can be incorporated into a program using while-loops (i.e., "while something is true, do something else"). For-loops (which have a fixed iteration ...

A number which can be computed to any number of digits desired by a Turing machine. Surprisingly, most irrationals are not computable numbers!