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The value of b, where a=b (mod m), taken to be nonnegative and smaller than m.

A ring is commutative if the multiplication operation is commutative.

Two algebraic objects that are commutative, i.e., A and B such that A*B=B*A for some operation *, are said to commute with each other.

The process of taking the complement of a set or truth function. In the latter case, complementation is equivalent to the NOT operation.

A surface which has no edges.

All lengths can be expressed as real numbers.

A complex polynomial is a polynomial with complex coefficients.

CP.

A vector whose elements are complex numbers.

Given a quadratic form Q(x,y)=x^2+y^2, (1) then Q(x,y)Q(x^',y^')=Q(xx^'-yy^',x^'y+xy^'), (2) since (x^2+y^2)(x^('2)+y^('2)) = (xx^'-yy^')^2+(xy^'+x^'y)^2 (3) = ...