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The Ackermann function is the simplest example of a well-defined total function which is computable but not primitive recursive, providing a counterexample to the belief in ...

The theory of classifying problems based on how difficult they are to solve. A problem is assigned to the P-problem (polynomial-time) class if the number of steps needed to ...

A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

A number of the form n^...^_()_(n)n, where Knuth up-arrow notation has been used. The first few Ackermann numbers are 1^1=1, 2^^2=4, and ...

There are two camps of thought on the meaning of general recursive function. One camp considers general recursive functions to be equivalent to the usual recursive functions. ...

A set of real numbers x_1, ..., x_n is said to possess an integer relation if there exist integers a_i such that a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n=0, with not all a_i=0. For ...

A recurrence plot is defined as a plot of the quantity R(t,tau)=H(epsilon-||f(t)-f(tau)||), where H(x) is the Heaviside step function and ||f|| denotes a norm. A recurrence ...

A formula for the permanent of a matrix perm(a_(ij))=(-1)^nsum_(s subset= {1,...,n})(-1)^(|s|)product_(i=1)^nsum_(j in s)a_(ij), where the sum is over all subsets of ...

A self-organizing data structure which uses rotations to move any accessed key to the root. This leaves recently accessed nodes near the top of the tree, making them very ...

Let T(x,y,z) be the number of times "otherwise" is called in the TAK function, then the Takeuchi numbers are defined by T_n(n,0,n+1). A recursive formula for T_n is given by ...