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A circle packing is called rigid (or "stable") if every circle is fixed by its neighbors, i.e., no circle can be translated without disturbing other circles of the packing ...

The d-dimensional rigidity matrix M(G) of a graph G with vertex count n, edge count m in the variables v_i=(x_1,...,x_d) is the m×(dn) matrix with rows indexed by the edges ...

If the faces of a convex polyhedron were made of metal plates and the polyhedron edges were replaced by hinges, the polyhedron would be rigid. The theorem was stated by ...

A ring homomorphism is a map f:R->S between two rings such that 1. Addition is preserved:f(r_1+r_2)=f(r_1)+f(r_2), 2. The zero element is mapped to zero: f(0_R)=0_S, and 3. ...

Given a commutative unit ring R, and an R-module M, a sequence {x_1,...,x_n} of elements of R is called a regular sequence for M (or an M-sequence for short), if, for all ...

The spectrum of a ring is the set of proper prime ideals, Spec(R)={p:p is a prime ideal in R}. (1) The classical example is the spectrum of polynomial rings. For instance, ...

One of the three standard tori given by the parametric equations x = (c+acosv)cosu (1) y = (c+acosv)sinu (2) z = asinv (3) with c>a. This is the torus which is generally ...

The ring of integers is the set of integers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., which form a ring. This ring is commonly denoted Z (doublestruck Z), or sometimes I (doublestruck I). ...

In the directed graph above, pick any vertex and follow the arrows in sequence blue-red-red three times. You will finish at the green vertex. Similarly, follow the sequence ...

A stochastic approximation method that functions by placing conditions on iterative step sizes and whose convergence is guaranteed under mild conditions. However, the method ...