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If A is true precisely unless B, then B implies not-A and not-B implies A. J. H. Conway has suggested the term "unlesss" for this state of affairs, by analogy with iff.

The branch of formal logic, also called functional calculus, that deals with representing the logical connections between statements as well as the statements themselves.

The problem of forecasting future values X_(t+tau) (tau>0) of a weakly stationary process {X_t} from the known values X_s (s<=t).

The positive predictive value is the probability that a test gives a true result for a true statistic. The negative predictive value is the probability that a test gives a ...

Given f:X->Y, the image of x is f(x). The preimage of y is then f^(-1)(y)={x|f(x)=y}, or all x whose image is y. Images are elements of the range, while preimages are subsets ...

Let S be a collection of subsets of a set X and let mu:S->[0,infty] be a set function. The function mu is called a premeasure provided that mu is finitely additive, countably ...

A premise is a statement that is assumed to be true. Formal logic uses a set of premises and syllogisms to arrive at a conclusion.

A relation "<=" is called a preorder (or quasiorder) on a set S if it satisfies: 1. Reflexivity: a<=a for all a in S. 2. Transitivity: a<=b and b<=c implies a<=c. A preorder ...

The present value v_n of a single payment made at n periods in the future is v_n=p/((1+r)^n), (1) where n is the number of periods until payment, p is the payment amount, and ...

A knot obtained from a tangle which can be represented by a finite sequence of integers.