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A set of graph vertices A of a graph with graph edges V is independent if it contains no graph edges.

"The integers" is a common way of referring to the set of integers, commonly denoted Z.

Given a positive integer n, a labeled n-digraph is a digraph whose vertex set is {1,...,n}.

A set of points capable of being enclosed in intervals whose total length is arbitrarily small.

A number theoretic function is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.

"The reals" is a common way of referring to the set of real numbers and is commonly denoted R.

Let u^_ denote the mean of a set of quantities u_i, then the relative deviation is defined by (Deltau_i)/(u^_)=(|u_i-u^_|)/(u^_).

The set of "critical values" of a map u:R^n->R^n of map class C^1 has Lebesgue measure 0 in R^n.

For any two points x,y in X, there is an open set U such that x in U and y not in U or y in U and x not in U. A space fulfilling this axiom is called a T0-space.

A ring of fractions that coincides with the localization with respect to the set of all non-zero divisors.