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An infinitesimal is some quantity that is explicitly nonzero and yet smaller in absolute value than any real quantity. The understanding of infinitesimals was a major ...

An isosceles trapezoid (called an isosceles trapezium by the British; Bronshtein and Semendyayev 1997, p. 174) is trapezoid in which the base angles are equal and therefore ...

A likelihood function L(a) is the probability or probability density for the occurrence of a sample configuration x_1, ..., x_n given that the probability density f(x;a) with ...

A two-dimensional map similar to the Hénon map but with the term -alphax_n^2 replaced by -alpha|x_n|. It is given by the equations x_(n+1) = 1-alpha|x_n|+y_n (1) y_(n+1) = ...

A curve on which points of a map z_n (such as the Mandelbrot set) diverge to a given value r_(max) at the same rate. A common method of obtaining lemniscates is to define an ...

A maximum likelihood estimator is a value of the parameter a such that the likelihood function is a maximum (Harris and Stocket 1998, p. 824).

A subset S subset R^n is said to be pseudo-convex at a point x in S if the associated pseudo-tangent cone P_S(x) to S at x contains S-{x}, i.e., if S-{x} subset P_S(x). Any ...

The pseudo-tangent cone P_S(x) of a subset S subset R^n at a point x in S is the set P_S(x)=convK_S^_, where K_S is the contingent cone of S and where conv(A) is the smallest ...

A function f defined on a subset S subset R^n is said to be pseudoconcave if -f is pseudoconvex.

The nonlinear three-dimensional map X^. = -(Y+Z) (1) Y^. = X+aY (2) Z^. = b+XZ-cZ (3) whose strange attractor is show above for a=0.2, b=0.2, and c=8.0.