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The word "spectrum" confusingly has a number of unrelated meanings in various branches of mathematics.

Niven's theorem states that if x/pi and sinx are both rational, then the sine takes values 0, +/-1/2, and +/-1. Particular cases include sin(pi) = 0 (1) sin(pi/2) = 1 (2) ...

The number of ways of folding a strip of stamps has several possible variants. Considering only positions of the hinges for unlabeled stamps without regard to orientation of ...

The imaginary part I[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number multiplying i, so I[x+iy]=y. In terms of z itself, I[z]=(z-z^_)/(2i), where z^_ is the complex conjugate ...

The number of data points which fall within a given class in a frequency distribution.

In the archaic terminology of Whittaker and Watson (1990), the complex number z representing x+iy.

The number of single operations (of addition, subtraction, and multiplication) required to complete an algorithm.

Maximize the number of cookies you can cut from a given expanse of dough (Hoffman 1998, p. 173).

The Hamming distance between two vertices of a hypercube is the number of coordinates at which the two vertices differ.

Given a convex plane region with area A and perimeter p, then |N-A|<p, where N is the number of enclosed lattice points.