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Given n mutually exclusive events A_1, ..., A_n whose probabilities sum to unity, then P(B)=P(B|A_1)P(A_1)+...+P(B|A_n)P(A_n), where B is an arbitrary event, and P(B|A_i) is ...

The Tucker-Brocard cubic is the triangle cubic with trilinear equation abcsum_(cyclic)aalpha(b^2beta^2+c^2gamma^2)=alphabetagammasum_(cyclic)a^2(b^4+c^4). It passes through ...

The term "twisted sphere" is used to mean either a projective plane (Henle 1994, p. 110) or the corkscrew surface obtained by extending a sphere along a diameter and then ...

A dot placed under a symbol to indicate a dummy variable, e.g., c_._1 (Comtet 1974, p. 32). This notation, however, is not very common.

Let two players each have a finite number of pennies (say, n_1 for player one and n_2 for player two). Now, flip one of the pennies (from either player), with each player ...

A mathematical statement that one quantity is greater than or less than another. "a is less than b" is denoted a<b, and "a is greater than b" is denoted a>b. "a is less than ...

Rule 94 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

The randomization of a deck of cards by repeated interleaving. More generally, a shuffle is a rearrangement of the elements in an ordered list. Shuffling by exactly ...

Analysis of data ordered by the time the data were collected (usually spaced at equal intervals), called a time series. Common examples of a time series are daily temperature ...

The difference between the measured or inferred value of a quantity x_0 and its actual value x, given by Deltax=x_0-x (sometimes with the absolute value taken) is called the ...