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A lossless data compression algorithm which uses a small number of bits to encode common characters. Huffman coding approximates the probability for each character as a power ...

An Archimedean spiral with polar equation r=a/theta. (1) The hyperbolic spiral, also called the inverse spiral (Whittaker 1944, p. 83), originated with Pierre Varignon in ...

A relation expressing a sum potentially involving binomial coefficients, factorials, rational functions, and power functions in terms of a simple result. Thanks to results by ...

An idoneal number, also called a suitable number or convenient number, is a positive integer D for which the fact that a number is a monomorph (i.e., is expressible in only ...

A non-zero module which is not the direct sum of two of its proper submodules. The negation of indecomposable is, of course, decomposable. An abstract vector space is ...

Points, also called polar reciprocals, which are transformed into each other through inversion about a given inversion circle C (or inversion sphere). The points P and P^' ...

Let [a_0;a_1,a_2,...] be the simple continued fraction of a "generic" real number, where the numbers a_i are the partial quotients. Then the Khinchin (or Khintchine) harmonic ...

Every finite Abelian group can be written as a group direct product of cyclic groups of prime power group orders. In fact, the number of nonisomorphic Abelian finite groups ...

Let z be defined as a function of w in terms of a parameter alpha by z=w+alphaphi(z). (1) Then Lagrange's inversion theorem, also called a Lagrange expansion, states that any ...

Landau (1911) proved that for any fixed x>1, sum_(0<|I[rho]|<=T)x^rho=-T/(2pi)Lambda(x)+O(lnT) as T->infty, where the sum runs over the nontrivial Riemann zeta function zeros ...