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The Laplacian spectral radius of a finite graph is defined as the largest value of its Laplacian spectrum, i.e., the largest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix (Lin et al. ...

A Liouville number is a transcendental number which has very close rational number approximations. An irrational number beta is called a Liouville number if, for each n, ...

The sequence produced by starting with a_1=1 and applying the greedy algorithm in the following way: for each k>=2, let a_k be the least integer exceeding a_(k-1) for which ...

Let f(z) be an analytic function of z, regular in the half-strip S defined by a<x<b and y>0. If f(z) is bounded in S and tends to a limit l as y->infty for a certain fixed ...

The geometric centroid of the first Morley triangle, which is also the center of Morley's circle, is called the first Morley center. It has triangle center function ...

A phase curve is a plot of the solution to a set of equations of motion in a phase plane (or more generally, a phase space) as a function of time (Tabor 1989, p. 14). Phase ...

A groupoid S such that for all a,b in S, there exist unique x,y in S such that ax = b (1) ya = b. (2) No other restrictions are applied; thus a quasigroup need not have an ...

A regular number, also called a finite decimal (Havil 2003, p. 25), is a positive number that has a finite decimal expansion. A number such as 1/3=0.33333... which is not ...

A formula for the permanent of a matrix perm(a_(ij))=(-1)^nsum_(s subset= {1,...,n})(-1)^(|s|)product_(i=1)^nsum_(j in s)a_(ij), where the sum is over all subsets of ...

A sample is a subset of a population that is obtained through some process, possibly random selection or selection based on a certain set of criteria, for the purposes of ...