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A roll of 4 on a pair of six-sided dice in the game of craps (Gardner 1978, p. 256). The probability of rolling "a little Joe" is 1/12, or 8.333...%. A roll of "4 the hard ...

The inverse curve of the lituus is an Archimedean spiral with m=2, which is Fermat's spiral.

Given a point P and a line AB, draw the perpendicular through P and call it PC. Let PD be any other line from P which meets CB in D. In a hyperbolic geometry, as D moves off ...

The name Lobachevsky's function is sometimes given to the function Lambda(theta)=1/2Cl_2(2theta), also denoted Pi(theta), where Cl_2(x) is Clausen's integral.

Let X be a topological vector space and for an arbitrary point x in X, denote by N_(x) the collection of all neighborhoods of x in X. A local base at x is any set B subset ...

The polyhedron resulting from letting each sphere in a sphere packing expand uniformly until it touches its neighbors on flat faces.

Let each sphere in a sphere packing expand uniformly until it touches its neighbors on flat faces. Call the resulting polyhedron the local cell. Then the local density is ...

The conjecture that the maximum local density is given by rho_(dodecahedron).

A local extremum, also called a relative extremum, is a local minimum or local maximum.

A local maximum, also called a relative maximum, is a maximum within some neighborhood that need not be (but may be) a global maximum.