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The operating of shifting the leading digits of an addition into the next column to the left when the sum of that column exceeds a single digit (i.e., 9 in base 10).

The Casoratian of sequences x_n^((1)), x_n^((2)), ..., x_n^((k)) is defined by the k×k determinant C(x_n^((1)),x_n^((2)),...,x_n^((k))) =|x_n^((1)) x_n^((2)) ... x_n^((k)); ...

Find consecutive powers, i.e., solutions to x^p-y^q=+/-1, excluding 0 and 1. Catalan's conjecture states that the only solution is 3^2-2^3=1, so 8 and 9 (2^3 and 3^2) are the ...

A sequence a_1, a_2, ... such that the metric d(a_m,a_n) satisfies lim_(min(m,n)->infty)d(a_m,a_n)=0. Cauchy sequences in the rationals do not necessarily converge, but they ...

The inequality (j+1)a_j+a_i>=(j+1)i, which is satisfied by all A-sequences.

A prime factorization algorithm.

A common fraction is a fraction in which numerator and denominator are both integers, as opposed to fractions. For example, 2/5 is a common fraction, while (1/3)/(2/5) is ...

A complex fraction is a fraction in which numerator, denominator, or both are themselves fractions, for example (2/3)/(4/5).

An equation of the form f(x)=b (mod m), (1) where the values of 0<=x<m for which the equation holds are sought. Such an equation may have none, one, or many solutions. There ...

The apodization function A(x)=(1-(x^2)/(a^2))^2. Its full width at half maximum is sqrt(4-2sqrt(2))a. Its instrument function is ...