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The portion of a surface left when an open disk is removed from it.

The smallest radial distance of an ellipse as measured from a focus. Taking v=0 in the equation of an ellipse r=(a(1-e^2))/(1+ecosv) gives the periapsis distance r_-=a(1-e). ...

The interval (generally, the smallest interval) over which the values of a periodic function recur. Functions may have one or more periods over time and in space.

A characteristic of some systems making a transition to chaos. Doubling is followed by quadrupling, etc. An example of a map displaying period doubling is the logistic map.

Li and Yorke (1975) proved that any one-dimensional system which exhibits a regular cycle of period three will also display regular cycles of every other length as well as ...

A square matrix A such that the matrix power A^(k+1)=A for k a positive integer is called a periodic matrix. If k is the least such integer, then the matrix is said to have ...

A node in a graph for which the graph eccentricity equals the graph diameter (Harary 1994, p. 41).

The knot move obtained by fixing disk 1 in the figure above and flipping disks 2 and 3.

All elementary functions can be extended to the complex plane. Such definitions agree with the real definitions on the x-axis and constitute an analytic continuation.

A permutation cycle is a subset of a permutation whose elements trade places with one another. Permutations cycles are called "orbits" by Comtet (1974, p. 256). For example, ...