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The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

A column-convex self-avoiding polygon which contains the bottom edge of its minimal bounding rectangle. The anisotropic perimeter and area generating function ...

A quaternion with complex coefficients. The algebra of biquaternions is isomorphic to a full matrix ring over the complex number field (van der Waerden 1985).

Bisection is the division of a given curve, figure, or interval into two equal parts (halves). A simple bisection procedure for iteratively converging on a solution which is ...

A magic square that remains magic when its border is removed. A nested magic square remains magic after the border is successively removed one ring at a time. An example of a ...

An algorithm which finds rational function extrapolations of the form R_(i(i+1)...(i+m))=(P_mu(x))/(P_nu(x))=(p_0+p_1x+...+p_mux^mu)/(q_0+q_1x+...+q_nux^nu) and can be used ...

A central angle is an angle ∠AOC with endpoints A and C located on a circle's circumference and vertex O located at the circle's center (Rhoad et al. 1984, p. 420). A central ...

A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

In the figure above with tangent line PT and secant line PA, (PA)/(PT)=(PT)/(PB) (1) (Jurgensen et al. 1963, p. 346). The line tangent to a circle of radius a centered at ...

Let P be the principal (initial investment), r be the annual compounded rate, i^((n)) the "nominal rate," n be the number of times interest is compounded per year (i.e., the ...