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The forward difference is a finite difference defined by Deltaa_n=a_(n+1)-a_n. (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the forward difference ...

The squared norm of a four-vector a=(a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3)=a_0+a is given by the dot product a^2=a_mua^mu=(a^0)^2-a·a, (1) where a·a is the usual vector dot product in Euclidean ...

If f(x) is an even function, then b_n=0 and the Fourier series collapses to f(x)=1/2a_0+sum_(n=1)^inftya_ncos(nx), (1) where a_0 = 1/piint_(-pi)^pif(x)dx (2) = ...

For a power function f(x)=x^k with k>=0 on the interval [0,2L] and periodic with period 2L, the coefficients of the Fourier series are given by a_0 = (2^(k+1)L^k)/(k+1) (1) ...

If f(x) is an odd function, then a_n=0 and the Fourier series collapses to f(x)=sum_(n=1)^inftyb_nsin(nx), (1) where b_n = 1/piint_(-pi)^pif(x)sin(nx)dx (2) = ...

An equation of the form f(x,y,...)=0, where f contains a finite number of independent variables, known functions, and unknown functions which are to be solved for. Many ...

The modular group Gamma is the set of all transformations w of the form w(t)=(at+b)/(ct+d), where a, b, c, and d are integers and ad-bc=1. A Gamma-modular function is then ...

_2F_1(-1/2,-1/2;1;h^2) = sum_(n=0)^(infty)(1/2; n)^2h^(2n) (1) = 1+1/4h^2+1/(64)h^4+1/(256)h^6+... (2) (OEIS A056981 and A056982), where _2F_1(a,b;c;x) is a hypergeometric ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation (1-x^2)y^('')-2(mu+1)xy^'+(nu-mu)(nu+mu+1)y=0 (1) sometimes called the hyperspherical differential equation (Iyanaga and ...

A geometric sequence is a sequence {a_k}, k=0, 1, ..., such that each term is given by a multiple r of the previous one. Another equivalent definition is that a sequence is ...