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Let a group G have a group presentation G=<x_1,...,x_n|r_j(x_1,...,x_n),j in J> so that G=F/R, where F is the free group with basis {x_1,...,x_n} and R is the normal subgroup ...

The system of partial differential equations del ^4u = E(v_(xy)^2-v_(xx)v_(yy)) (1) del ^4v = alpha+beta(u_(yy)v_(xx)+u_(xx)v_(yy)-2u_(xy)v_(xy)), (2) where del ^4 is the ...

The x-axis is the horizontal axis of a two-dimensional plot in Cartesian coordinates that is conventionally oriented to point to the right (left figure). In three dimensions, ...

The vertical axis of a two-dimensional plot in Cartesian coordinates. Physicists and astronomers sometimes call this axis the ordinate, although that term is more commonly ...

Algebraic geometry is the study of geometries that come from algebra, in particular, from rings. In classical algebraic geometry, the algebra is the ring of polynomials, and ...

The minimal polynomial of an algebraic number zeta is the unique irreducible monic polynomial of smallest degree p(x) with rational coefficients such that p(zeta)=0 and whose ...

The arf invariant is a link invariant that always has the value 0 or 1. A knot has Arf invariant 0 if the knot is "pass equivalent" to the unknot and 1 if it is pass ...

An articulation vertex of a connected graph, also called a cut-vertex (Harary 1994, p. 26; West 2000; Gross and Yellen 2006) or "cutpoint" (Harary 1994, p. 26), is a vertex ...

The Balaban index J is a graph index defined for a graph on n nodes, m edges, and c connected components by J=m/(gamma+1)sum_((i,j) in E(G))(D_iD_j)^(-1/2), where gamma=m-n+c ...

Ball point picking is the selection of points randomly placed inside a ball. n random points can be picked in a unit ball in the Wolfram Language using the function ...