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If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then there is at least one number x^* in [a,b] such that int_a^bf(x)dx=f(x^*)(b-a). The average value of the function (f^_) on ...

If f(z) is analytic in some simply connected region R, then ∮_gammaf(z)dz=0 (1) for any closed contour gamma completely contained in R. Writing z as z=x+iy (2) and f(z) as ...

The equation f(x_n|x_s)=int_(-infty)^inftyf(x_n|x_r)f(x_r|x_s)dx_r which gives the transitional densities of a Markov sequence. Here, n>r>s are any integers (Papoulis 1984, ...

A special case of Stokes' theorem in which F is a vector field and M is an oriented, compact embedded 2-manifold with boundary in R^3, and a generalization of Green's theorem ...

The Fourier transform of the delta function is given by F_x[delta(x-x_0)](k) = int_(-infty)^inftydelta(x-x_0)e^(-2piikx)dx (1) = e^(-2piikx_0). (2)

The symbol int used to denote an integral intf(x)dx. The symbol was invented by Leibniz and chosen to be a stylized script "S" to stand for "summation."

A general integral transform is defined by g(alpha)=int_a^bf(t)K(alpha,t)dt, where K(alpha,t) is called the integral kernel of the transform.

Integration under the integral sign is the use of the identity int_a^bdxint_(alpha_0)^alphaf(x,alpha)dalpha=int_(alpha_0)^alphadalphaint_a^bf(x,alpha)dx (1) to compute an ...

If x takes only nonnegative values, then P(x>=a)<=(<x>)/a. (1) To prove the theorem, write <x> = int_0^inftyxP(x)dx (2) = int_0^axP(x)dx+int_a^inftyxP(x)dx. (3) Since P(x) is ...

A square integrable function phi(t) is said to be normal if int[phi(t)]^2dt=1. However, the normal distribution function is also sometimes called "the normal function."