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The dihedral group D_n is the symmetry group of an n-sided regular polygon for n>1. The group order of D_n is 2n. Dihedral groups D_n are non-Abelian permutation groups for ...

If a is an arbitrary integer relatively prime to n and g is a primitive root of n, then there exists among the numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., phi(n)-1, where phi(n) is the totient ...

The Pauli matrices, also called the Pauli spin matrices, are complex matrices that arise in Pauli's treatment of spin in quantum mechanics. They are defined by sigma_1 = ...

A rational amicable pair consists of two integers a and b for which the divisor functions are equal and are of the form sigma(a)=sigma(b)=(P(a,b))/(Q(a,b))=R(a,b), (1) where ...

Let {f_n} and {a_n} be sequences with f_n>=f_(n+1)>0 for n=1, 2, ..., then |sum_(n=1)^ma_nf_n|<=Af_1, where A=max{|a_1|,|a_1+a_2|,...,|a_1+a_2+...+a_m|}.

The absolute difference of two numbers n_1 and n_2 is |n_1-n_2|, where the minus sign denotes subtraction and |x| denotes the absolute value.

An additive function is an arithmetic function such that whenever positive integers a and b are relatively prime, f(ab)=f(a)+f(b). An example of an additive function is ...

A mathematical object S is said to be additively closed if a,b in S implies that a+b in S.

If a is an element of a field F over the prime field P, then the set of all rational functions of a with coefficients in P is a field derived from P by adjunction of a.

A string or word is said to be admissible if that word appears in a given sequence. For example, in the sequence aabaabaabaabaab..., a, aa, baab are all admissible, but bb is ...