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A proper subset S^' of a set S, denoted S^' subset S, is a subset that is strictly contained in S and so necessarily excludes at least one member of S. The empty set is ...

A subvariety of an algebraic variety that is not the entire variety. The proper subvarieties of a line are its nonempty finite subsets, the proper subvarieties of a plane are ...

A superset which is not the entire set.

A knot having the property that no surgery could possibly yield a counterexample to the Poincaré conjecture is said to satisfy Property P (Adams 1994, p. 262).

A very useful active feedback method for controlling things like temperature control systems, servo motors, and flow control valves.

If a is (directly) proportional to b, then a/b is a constant. The relationship is written a proportional b, which implies a=cb, for some constant c known as the constant of ...

A proposition is a mathematical statement such as "3 is greater than 4," "an infinite set exists," or "7 is prime." An axiom is a proposition that is assumed to be true. With ...

Propositional calculus is the formal basis of logic dealing with the notion and usage of words such as "NOT," "OR," "AND," and "implies." Many systems of propositional ...

The Prosthaphaeresis formulas, also known as Simpson's formulas, are trigonometry formulas that convert a product of functions into a sum or difference. They are given by ...

A Proth number is a number of the form N=k·2^n+1 for odd k, n a positive integer, and 2^n>k. The 2^n>k condition is needed since otherwise, every odd number >1 would be a ...